Cancer has spread through the muscle layer. It is in the serosa (stage IIA), or it has spread further — to the lining of the organs in your abdomen (stage IIB) or to nearby organs (stage IIC). Once ...

Smooth muscle differentiation is induced in the embryonic bladder by the centrally located urothelium in the undifferentiated mesenchyme in the periphery adjacent to the serosa. We hypothesize ...