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  1. Nature
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s12276-018-0060-y

    A guide to 13 C metabolic flux analysis for the cancer biologist

    • Cancer metabolism is significantly altered from normal cellular metabolism allowing cancer cells to adapt to changing microenvironments and maintain high rates of proliferation. In the past decade, stable-i… See more

    Introduction

    In the past decade, measuring intracellular metabolism has become an indispensable tool in … See more

    Nature
    Basics of 13C-MFA

    Cellular metabolism serves four important functions in proliferating cancer cells: (1) supply of anabolic building blocks for cell growth; (2) generation of metabolic energy in the form … See more

    Nature
    Determination of external rates

    To quantify intracellular metabolic fluxes, first, the cross talk between the cells and their environment must be quantified. Collectively referred to as external rates, this include… See more

    Nature
    Measurement of isotopic labeling

    When conducting 13C-tracer experiments, a labeled substrate is introduced to the culture medium that is then taken up by the cells and metabolized through various metabolic p… See more

    Nature
    Parallel labeling experiments

    The selection of an isotopic tracer (or multiple tracers) is one of the most important considerations when designing 13C-MFA studies, since this ultimately determine… See more

    Nature
    What is the difference between 13c-glucose tracer & 13C glutamine tracers?
    Generally, 13C-glucose tracers are best for determining fluxes in upper metabolism (e.g., glycolysis and PPP), while 13C-glutamine tracers typically produce better resolution of fluxes in lower parts of metabolism (e.g., TCA cycle and reductive carboxylation)57,58(Fig. 3).
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    Table of Contents
    Introduction
    Basics of 13C-MFA
    Determination of external rates
    Measurement of isotopic labeling
    Parallel labeling experiments
    What is the difference between 13c-glucose tracer & 13C glutamine tracers?
     
  1. Studies of Glutamine 13C
    National Center for Biotechnology Information
    A guide to 13C metabolic flux analysis for the cancer biologist
    In the past decade, measuring intracellular metabolism has become an indispensable tool in biomedical research1,2. Cancer metabolism is an especially active area of research3–8. It has long been recognized that cancer cells exhibit rewired metabolism compared to normal cells. A century ago, Warburg9...
    Author: Maciek R. Ant…
    Published: 2018/04
    Publication: Exp Mol …
    PubMed
    13C isotope-assisted methods for quantifying glutamine metabolism in cancer cells
    Glutamine has recently emerged as a key substrate to support cancer cell proliferation, and the quantification of its metabolic flux is essential to understand the mechanisms by which this amino acid participates in the metabolic rewiring that sustains the survival and growth of neoplastic cells. Gl...
    Author: Jie Zhang
    Published: 2014
    Keywords: Cancer cell…
    PubMed
    Hyperpolarized [5-13C,4,4-2H2,5-15N]-L-glutamine provides a means of annotating in vivo metabolic utilization of glutamine
    Glutamine is consumed by rapidly proliferating cells and can provide the carbon and nitrogen required for growth through various metabolic pathways. However, delineating the metabolic fate of glutamine is challenging to interrogate in vivo. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance, by providing high transi...
    Author: Roozbeh Eska…
    Published: 2022/05/10
    Keywords: cancer met…
    PubMed
    Metabolism of [U-13C]glutamine and [U-13C]glutamate in isolated rat brain mitochondria suggests functional phosphate-activated glutaminase activity in matrix
    One of the forms of phosphate activated glutaminase (PAG) is associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has been debated whether glutamate formed from glutamine in the reaction catalyzed by PAG has direct access to mitochondrial or cytosolic metabolism. In this study, metabolism of [U-(13)...
    Author: Lasse K Bak
    Published: 2008/2
    Keywords: National In…
  2. Science | AAAS
    https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.…

    13C metabolite tracing reveals glutamine and acetate …

    May 29, 2024 · Through infusion of 13 C-labeled metabolites (glucose, glutamine, and acetate) in Listeria monocytogenes –infected mice, we demonstrate that CD8 T effector (Teff) cells use metabolites for specific pathways during specific …

  3. nih.gov
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4392845

    13C Isotope-Assisted Methods for Quantifying Glutamine …

  4. Nature
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-12654-y

    Detection of 13C labeling of glutamate and glutamine in human …

  5. National Center for Biotechnology Information
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5938039

    A guide to 13C metabolic flux analysis for the cancer biologist

  6. Nature
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41596-019-0204-0

    High-resolution 13 C metabolic flux analysis - Nature

  7. Cell Press
    https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-867…

    Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing - Cell Press

    May 3, 2018 · An important example involves M+5-labeling of citrate in mammalian cells fed [U-13 C]glutamine (Figure 6D). The standard metabolic route of glutamine metabolism, involving its conversion to α-ketoglutarate, …

  8. PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24862276

    13C isotope-assisted methods for quantifying glutamine

  9. PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35512101

    Hyperpolarized [5-13C,4,4-2H2,5-15N]-L-glutamine provides a

  10. ScienceDirect
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166915000221

    A roadmap for interpreting 13C metabolite labeling patterns from …