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  1. Xenobiotic is a term used to describe chemical substances that are foreign to animal life and thus includes such examples as plant constituents, drugs, pesticides, cosmetics, flavorings, fragrances, food additives, industrial chemicals and environmental pollutants.

    XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM – A VIEW THROUGH THE METABOLO…

    pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2872059/
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    What are examples of xenobiotics?
    Examples of these xenobiotics can be found in ambient and occupational exposures, including water pollutants such as dibutyl phthalates (DBPs), persistent organochlorine pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyl, pesticides (DBCP, malathion, atrazine), and phthalates.

    Xenobiotic - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

    sciencedirect.com
    What are xenobiotic chemicals?
    These chemicals include environmental pollutants, hydrocarbons, food additives, oil mixtures, pesticides, other xenobiotics, synthetic polymers, carcinogens, drugs, and antioxidants, which are the major groups of xenobiotics.

    Xenobiotics, Types, and Mode of Action | SpringerLink

    link.springer.com
    Are antibiotics xenobiotic?
    All the substances that exist in unusually higher levels are also sheltered by xenobiotics. Unambiguously, drugs such as antibiotics are xenobiotic in human body because they are neither part of human food nor the body has the capability to self-produce.

    Xenobiotics, Types, and Mode of Action | SpringerLink

    link.springer.com
    How are xenobiotic sources categorized?
    It is possible to categorize xenobiotic sources and substances on the basis of nature, use, physical state, and pathophysiological effects (Table 1). Xenobiotics have complex architectures, which make them challenging to break down and allow them to accumulate in living things (Noman et al. 2019).

    Xenobiotics: Sources, Pathways, Degradation, and Risk Associated with

    link.springer.com
    What are pollutant xenobiotics?
    Keywords: Biodegradation, Biotransformation, Lignin-degrading enzyme, Organic compounds, Pollutant Xenobiotics are compounds that are not naturally produced or normally found in living systems and include agrochemicals, drugs, cosmetics and industrial chemicals, and prolonged exposure to them can have severe health consequences.

    Recent advances in fungal xenobiotic metabolism: enzymes and applica…

    ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    What does xenobiotic mean?
    The term xenobiotic is derived from the Greek words ξένος (xenos) = foreigner, stranger and βίος (bios) = life, plus the Greek suffix for adjectives -τικός, -ή, -όν (-tikos, -ē, -on). Xenobiotics may be grouped as carcinogens, drugs, environmental pollutants, food additives, hydrocarbons, and pesticides.

    Xenobiotic - Wikipedia

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    https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Xenobiotic

    Xenobiotic - Wikipedia

    A xenobiotic is a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism. It can also cover substances that are present in much higher concentrations than are usual. Natural compounds can also become xenobiotics if they are taken up by another … See more

    Xenobiotic metabolism

    The body removes xenobiotics by xenobiotic metabolism. This consists of the deactivation and the excretion of xenobiotics and … See more

    Xenobiotics in the environment

    Xenobiotic substances are an issue for sewage treatment systems, since they are many in number, and each will present its own problems as to … See more

    See also

    Drug metabolism – Xenobiotic metabolism is redirected to the special case: Drug metabolism.
    • Detoxification See more

    Timeline
    1939
    The term xenobiotic is coined by R. E. Hungate to describe compounds foreign to the metabolism of microorganisms.
    1950s-1970s
    The environmental effects of xenobiotics such as pesticides, plastics, and dioxins become a public concern and a subject of scientific research.
    1977
    The cytochrome P450 enzyme system is discovered to be involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in animals and plants.
    1984
    The Bhopal disaster occurs, exposing thousands of people to a highly toxic xenobiotic, methyl isocyanate.
    1995
    The first successful xenotransplantation of pig cells into humans is reported, opening new possibilities for organ transplantation.
    Inter-species organ transplantation

    The term xenobiotic is also used to refer to organs transplanted from one species to another. For example, some researchers hope that hearts and other organs could be transplanted from pigs to humans. Many people die every year whose lives could have been … See more

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  4. ScienceDirect
    https://www.sciencedirect.com › ... › xenobiotic

    Xenobiotic - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

  5. Studies of xenobiotic examples
    National Center for Biotechnology Information
    The gut microbiome: an orchestrator of xenobiotic metabolism
    Microbes within the gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, yeast, and viruses, are perhaps the first to interact with ingested xenobiotics. Moving through the stomach to the small and large intestines, the population of bacteria colonizing the intestinal tract exponentially increases from appro...
    Author: Stephanie L. C…
    Published: 2020/01
    Publication: Acta Phar…
    National Center for Biotechnology Information
    Recent advances in fungal xenobiotic metabolism: enzymes and applications
    Xenobiotics are compounds that are not naturally produced or normally found in living systems and include agrochemicals, drugs, cosmetics and industrial chemicals, and prolonged exposure to them can have severe health consequences. Our reliance on xenobiotic compounds to drive our economies, ensure ...
    Author: Mohd Fahee…
    Published: 2023
    Publication: World J M…
    National Center for Biotechnology Information
    Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human gut microbiota
    The human gut microbiota makes key contributions to the metabolism of ingested compounds (xenobiotics), transforming hundreds of dietary components, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals into metabolites with altered activities, toxicities, and lifetimes within the body. The chemistry of gut mic...
    Author: Nitzan Koppel…
    Published: 2018
    Publication: Science. …
    PubMed
    Metabolism of xenobiotics of human environments
    Xenobiotics have been defined as chemicals to which an organism is exposed that are extrinsic to the normal metabolism of that organism. Without metabolism, many xenobiotics would reach toxic concentrations. Most metabolic activity inside the cell requires energy, cofactors, and enzymes in order to ...
    Author: Edward Croom
    Published: 2012
    Keywords: National In…
    ResearchGate
    Xenobiotic Compounds and Their Types Xenobiotic compounds and its types
    Xenobiotic compounds are man­ made chemicals that are present in the environment at higher concentration. These are either not produced naturally or are produced at much lower amount than that by man. The compounds that resist biodegradation and persist in the environment for long period of time are...
    Published: 2015/05/02
  6. National Center for Biotechnology Information
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articles

    The gut microbiome: an orchestrator of xenobiotic metabolism

  7. Science | AAAS
    https://www.science.org › doi

    Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human …

    Jun 23, 2017 · The human gut microbiota makes key contributions to the metabolism of ingested compounds (xenobiotics), transforming hundreds of …

    • Author: Nitzan Koppel, Vayu Maini Rekdal, Emily P. Balskus, Emily P. Balskus
    • Publish Year: 2017

  8. Images of Xenobiotic Examples

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  9. Springer
    https://link.springer.com › chapter

    Xenobiotics: Sources, Pathways, Degradation, and Risk ... - Springer

  10. nih.gov
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › articles

    Xenobiotic Metabolomics: Major Impact on the Metabolome

  11. ScienceDirect
    https://www.sciencedirect.com › ... › xenobiotic-metabolism

    Xenobiotic Metabolism - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

  12. Springer
    https://link.springer.com › chapter

    Xenobiotics, Types, and Mode of Action | SpringerLink

    Feb 16, 2017 · Environmental pollutants, hydrocarbons, food additives, oil mixtures, pesticides, other xenobiotics, synthetic polymers, carcinogens, drugs, and antioxidants are the major groups of xenobiotics. These …

  13. National Center for Biotechnology Information
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articles

    Recent advances in fungal xenobiotic metabolism: enzymes and ...

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